General Techniques

A Guide to LEDs and Resistors

This document explains how to correctly calculate and use resistors when working with LEDs to prevent damage from excessive current. It outlines the formulas needed to determine appropriate resistor values for both parallel and series LED circuits, with worked examples using a 9-volt supply and standard LED specifications. The guide highlights the importance of matching supply voltage, LED forward voltage, and current, and provides practical diagrams to illustrate safe circuit design.